Nuke Old Mutex Implementation

To many changes to make , so i just updated with my recent iteration.

Signed-off-by: CodingWorkshop Signing Team <signing@codingworkshop.eu.org>

NTOSKRNL/KE/mutex.cpp

@@ -3,20 +3,20 @@
  * LICENSE: BSD Clause 3
  * PURPOSE: Mutexes
  * NT KERNEL: 5.11.9360
- * COPYRIGHT:  2023-2029 Dibymartanda Samanta <>
+ * COPYRIGHT:  2023-2029 Dibymartanda Samanta <dibya.samanta@neverseen.de>
  */ 
 
-
 #include <ntoskrnl.h>
 #define NTDEBUG
 
 extern "C"
-/*Mutex Count :
-0 => Can Be aquired, 
-1 => Is Aquired by a Thread 
-In Negative Indigates, Number of Threads waiting*/
 
-constexpr ULONG MUTEX_READY_TO_BE_AQUIRED = 0;
+/*Mutex Count :
+0 => Can Be acquired, 
+1 => Is Acquired by a Thread 
+In Negative Indicates, Number of Threads waiting*/
+
+constexpr ULONG MUTEX_READY_TO_BE_ACQUIRED = 0;
 
 /*Internal Function*/ 
 
@@ -37,94 +37,77 @@ typedef struct _FAST_MUTEX {
 
 typedef PFAST_MUTEX PKGUARDED_MUTEX;
 
-/*Internal Functio*/
+/*Internal Function*/
 VOID
 FASTCALL
 KiAcquireFastMutex(
     _Inout_ PFAST_MUTEX Mutex
     )
 {
-    LONG AcquireMarker = {0};
+    LONG OldCount;
-    LONG AcquireBit = {0};
+    LONG NewCount;
-    LONG OldCount = {0};
 
     PAGED_CODE();
 
     /* Increment contention count */
     InterlockedIncrement(&Mutex->Contention);
 
-    /* Initialize loop variables */
+    while (TRUE)
-    AcquireMarker = 4;
-    AcquireBit = 1;
-
-    while(true)
     {
         /* Read current count */
         OldCount = ReadForWriteAccess(&Mutex->Count);
 
-        /* Check if mutex is free */
+        /* Check if mutex is free (count == 0) */
-        if ((OldCount & 1) == 0)
+        if (OldCount == 0)
         {
-            /* Attempt to acquire by incrementing count */
+            /* Attempt to acquire by setting count to 1 */
-            if (InterlockedCompareExchange(&Mutex->Count, OldCount + AcquireMarker,OldCount) == OldCount)
+            if (InterlockedCompareExchange(&Mutex->Count, 1, 0) == 0)
-            {
-                /* Wait for the mutex event */
-                KeWaitForSingleObject(&Mutex->Event,WrFastMutex,KernelMode,false,0);
-
-                AcquireMarker = 2;
-                AcquireBit = 3;
-                continue;
-            }
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            /* Attempt to mark mutex as owned */
-            if (InterlockedCompareExchange(&Mutex->Count, AcquireBit ^ OldCount,OldCount) == OldCount)
             {
                 /* Mutex acquired successfully */
                 break;
             }
         }
+        else
+        {
+            /* Mutex is owned, increment waiter count (make it more negative) */
+            NewCount = OldCount - 1;
+            if (InterlockedCompareExchange(&Mutex->Count, NewCount, OldCount) == OldCount)
+            {
+                /* Wait for the mutex event */
+                KeWaitForSingleObject(&Mutex->Event, WrFastMutex, KernelMode, FALSE, NULL);
+                /* Continue loop to try acquiring again */
+            }
+        }
     }
 }
 
+VOID
 FASTCALL
 KeReleaseFastMutexContended(
     IN PFAST_MUTEX FastMutex,
     IN LONG OldValue)
 {
-    BOOLEAN WakeWaiter = false;
+    LONG NewValue;
-    LONG NewValue = {0};
-    PKTHREAD WokenThread = nullptr;
-    KPRIORITY HandoffPriority = {0};
 
-    /* Loop until we successfully update the mutex state */
+    /* If there are waiters (negative count), wake one up */
-    for (;;)
+    if (OldValue < 0)
     {
-        WakeWaiter = false;
+        /* Increment count (reduce number of waiters) but keep it owned */
-        NewValue = OldValue + FM_LOCK_BIT;
+        NewValue = OldValue + 1;
-
+        if (NewValue == 0)
-        if (!(OldValue & FM_LOCK_WAITER_WOKEN))
         {
-            NewValue = OldValue - FM_LOCK_BIT;
+            /* No more waiters, mutex becomes free */
-            WakeWaiter = true;
+            NewValue = 0;
         }
         
-        LONG PreviousValue = InterlockedCompareExchange(&FastMutex->Lock, NewValue, OldValue);
+        if (InterlockedCompareExchange(&FastMutex->Count, NewValue, OldValue) == OldValue)
-        if (PreviousValue == OldValue)
-            break;
-
-        OldValue = PreviousValue;
-    }
-
-    if (WakeWaiter)
         {
             /* Wake up a waiter */
-        KeSetEventBoostPriority(&FastMutex->Event);
+            KeSetEvent(&FastMutex->Event, IO_NO_INCREMENT, FALSE);
+        }
     }
 }
 
-
 /* Exported Function */ 
 
 VOID
@@ -133,14 +116,14 @@ KeInitializeFastMutex(
     _Out_ PFAST_MUTEX Mutex
     )
 {
-
     /* Initialize the mutex structure */
     RtlZeroMemory(Mutex, sizeof(FAST_MUTEX));
 
-    /* Set initial values */
+    /* Set initial values - 0 means free/available */
-    Mutex->Owner = nullptr;
+    Mutex->Owner = NULL;
     Mutex->Contention = 0;
-    Mutex->Count = 1;
+    Mutex->Count = 0;  // 0 = free
+    Mutex->RecursionDepth = 0;
 
     /* Initialize the Mutex Gate */
     KeInitializeEvent(&Mutex->Event, SynchronizationEvent, FALSE);
@@ -151,23 +134,25 @@ VECTORCALL
 KeTryToAcquireFastMutex(
     _Inout_ PFAST_MUTEX Mutex)
 {
-    KIRQL CurrentIrql = KeGetCurrentIrql();
+    KIRQL OldIrql;
-    BOOLEAN Result = false; 
+    
-    if(_InterlockedBitTestAndReset(&FastMutex->Count, MUTEX_READY_TO_BE_AQUIRED))
+    /* Raise IRQL to APC_LEVEL */
+    OldIrql = KeRaiseIrqlToSynchLevel();
+    
+    /* Try to acquire the mutex atomically */
+    if (InterlockedCompareExchange(&Mutex->Count, 1, 0) == 0)
     {  
-        FastMutex->Owner = (PVOID)KeGetCurrentThread();
+        /* Successfully acquired */
-        Mutex->OldIrql = KeRaiseIrql(APC_LEVEL);
+        Mutex->Owner = (PVOID)KeGetCurrentThread();
-        Result = TRUE;
+        Mutex->OldIrql = OldIrql;
+        return TRUE;
     }
     else 
     {
         /* Failed to acquire the mutex */
-        KeLowerIrql(CurrentIrql);
+        KeLowerIrql(OldIrql);
-        KeYieldProcessor();
+        return FALSE;
-        Result = FALSE;
     }
-    
-return Result;
 }
 
 VOID
@@ -175,24 +160,21 @@ NTAPI
 KeEnterCriticalRegionAndAcquireFastMutexUnsafe( 
     _In_ PFAST_MUTEX FastMutex)
 {
-    PKTHREAD OwnerThread = nullptr;
+    PKTHREAD OwnerThread;
+    
     KeEnterCriticalRegion();
     
-    /* Get the current thread again (following the pseudocode) */
+    /* Get the current thread */
     OwnerThread = KeGetCurrentThread();
 
     /* Try to acquire the FastMutex */
-    if (_InterlockedBitTestAndReset(&FastMutex->Lock, 0))
+    if (InterlockedCompareExchange(&FastMutex->Count, 1, 0) != 0)
-    {
-        /* FastMutex was free, we acquired it */
-        FastMutex->Owner = OwnerThread;
-    }
-    else
     {
         /* FastMutex was locked, we need to wait */
         KiAcquireFastMutex(FastMutex);
-        FastMutex->Owner = OwnerThread;
     }
+    
+    FastMutex->Owner = OwnerThread;
 }
 
 VOID
@@ -200,38 +182,36 @@ FASTCALL
 KeReleaseFastMutexUnsafeAndLeaveCriticalRegion(  
     _In_ PFAST_MUTEX FastMutex)
 {
-    LONG OldValue = {0};
+    LONG OldValue;
-    PKTHREAD CurrentThread = nullptr ;
-    SHORT NewValue ={0};
 
     /* Clear the owner */
-    FastMutex->Owner = nullptr;
+    FastMutex->Owner = NULL;
 
-    /* Try to release the FastMutex */
+    /* Release the FastMutex */
-    OldValue = InterlockedCompareExchange(&FastMutex->Lock, 1, 0);
+    OldValue = InterlockedExchange(&FastMutex->Count, 0);
-    if (OldValue != 0)
+    
+    if (OldValue < 0)
     {
-        /* Contended case, call the contended release function */
+        /* There were waiters, call the contended release function */
         KeReleaseFastMutexContended(FastMutex, OldValue);
     }
 
-    /* leave critical region*/
+    /* Leave critical region */
     KeLeaveCriticalRegion();
 }
 
-
 VOID
 NTAPI
 KeAcquireFastMutex( 
     _In_ PFAST_MUTEX FastMutex)
 {
-    KIRQL OldIrql = {0};
+    KIRQL OldIrql;
 
     /* Raise IRQL to APC_LEVEL */
     OldIrql = KeRaiseIrqlToSynchLevel();
 
     /* Try to acquire the FastMutex */
-    if (InterlockedBitTestAndReset(&FastMutex->Lock, 0) == 0)
+    if (InterlockedCompareExchange(&FastMutex->Count, 1, 0) != 0)
     {
         /* We didn't acquire it, we'll have to wait */
         KiAcquireFastMutex(FastMutex);
@@ -247,13 +227,13 @@ NTAPI
 KeAcquireFastMutexUnsafe(
     _In_ PFAST_MUTEX FastMutex)  
 {
-    PKTHREAD CurrentThread = nullptr;
+    PKTHREAD CurrentThread;
 
     /* Get the current thread */
     CurrentThread = KeGetCurrentThread();
 
     /* Try to acquire the FastMutex */
-    if (!InterlockedBitTestAndReset(&FastMutex->Lock, 0))
+    if (InterlockedCompareExchange(&FastMutex->Count, 1, 0) != 0)
     {
         /* FastMutex was locked, we need to wait */
         KiAcquireFastMutex(FastMutex);
@@ -269,21 +249,24 @@ KeReleaseFastMutex(
     _Inout_ PFAST_MUTEX FastMutex
 )
 {
-    KIRQL OldIrql ={0};
+    KIRQL OldIrql;
-    LONG OldCount ={0};
+    LONG OldCount;
 
-    FastMutex->Owner = nullptr;
+    /* Clear owner and get saved IRQL */
+    FastMutex->Owner = NULL;
     OldIrql = FastMutex->OldIrql;
 
-    OldCount = InterlockedExchangeAdd(&FastMutex->Count, 1);
+    /* Release the mutex */
+    OldCount = InterlockedExchange(&FastMutex->Count, 0);
 
-    if (OldCount != 0 && 
+    /* Check if there were waiters */
-        (OldCount & 2) == 0 && 
+    if (OldCount < 0)
-        InterlockedCompareExchange(&FastMutex->Count, OldCount - 1, OldCount + 1) == OldCount + 1)
     {
+        /* Wake up waiters */
         KeSetEvent(&FastMutex->Event, IO_NO_INCREMENT, FALSE);
     }
 
+    /* Restore IRQL */
     KeLowerIrql(OldIrql);
 }
 
@@ -292,30 +275,20 @@ NTAPI
 KeReleaseFastMutexUnsafe( 
     _In_ PFAST_MUTEX FastMutex)
 {
-    LONG OldValue = {0};
+    LONG OldValue;
 
     /* Clear the owner */
-    FastMutex->Owner = nullptr;
+    FastMutex->Owner = NULL;
 
     /* Release the lock and get the old value */
-    OldValue = InterlockedExchangeAdd(&FastMutex->Lock, 1);
+    OldValue = InterlockedExchange(&FastMutex->Count, 0);
 
     /* Check if there were waiters */
-    if (OldValue != 0)
+    if (OldValue < 0)
     {
-        /* Check if no waiter has been woken up yet */
+        /* Wake up waiters */
-        if ((OldValue & FM_LOCK_WAITER_WOKEN) == 0)
-        {
-            /* Try to wake up a waiter */
-            if (OldValue + 1 == InterlockedCompareExchange(&FastMutex->Lock,
-                                                           OldValue - 1,
-                                                           OldValue + 1))
-            {
-                /* Wake up one waiter */
         KeSetEvent(&FastMutex->Event, IO_NO_INCREMENT, FALSE);
     }
-        }
-    }
 }
 
 /*Guarded Mutexes in Modern NT behave just like Fast Mutexes with bit of protection */
@@ -324,12 +297,14 @@ VOID
 NTAPI
 KeInitializeGuardedMutex(_Out_ PKGUARDED_MUTEX GuardedMutex)
 {
-    /* Initialize the GuardedMutex*/
+    /* Initialize the GuardedMutex */
-    GuardedMutex->Count = 1;
+    GuardedMutex->Count = 0;  // 0 = free
-    GuardedMutex->Owner = nullptr;
+    GuardedMutex->Owner = NULL;
     GuardedMutex->Contention = 0;
+    GuardedMutex->RecursionDepth = 0;
+    
     /* Initialize the Mutex Gate */
-    KeInitializeEvent(&Mutex->Event, SynchronizationEvent, FALSE);
+    KeInitializeEvent(&GuardedMutex->Event, SynchronizationEvent, FALSE);
 }
 
 VOID 
@@ -337,10 +312,19 @@ NTAPI
 KeAcquireGuardedMutex(_Inout_ PKGUARDED_MUTEX Mutex)
 {
     PKTHREAD OwnerThread = KeGetCurrentThread();
+    KIRQL OldIrql;
+    
+    /* Raise IRQL and enter guarded region */
+    OldIrql = KeRaiseIrqlToSynchLevel();
     KeEnterGuardedRegion();
-  if (!_Interlockedbittestandreset(&Mutex->Count, 0) )
+    
+    if (InterlockedCompareExchange(&Mutex->Count, 1, 0) != 0)
+    {
         KiAcquireFastMutex(Mutex);
+    }
+    
     Mutex->Owner = OwnerThread;
+    Mutex->OldIrql = OldIrql;
 }
 
 VOID
@@ -349,11 +333,12 @@ KeAcquireGuardedMutexUnsafe(
     _Inout_ PKGUARDED_MUTEX FastMutex
 )
 {   
-    PKTHREAD CurrentThread = nullptr;
+    PKTHREAD CurrentThread;
+    
     KeEnterGuardedRegion();
     CurrentThread = KeGetCurrentThread();
 
-    if (!_InterlockedBitTestAndReset(&FastMutex->Count, 0))
+    if (InterlockedCompareExchange(&FastMutex->Count, 1, 0) != 0)
     {
         KiAcquireFastMutex(FastMutex);
     }
@@ -367,18 +352,17 @@ KeReleaseGuardedMutexUnsafe(
     _Inout_ PKGUARDED_MUTEX FastMutex
 )
 {
-    LONG OldCount ={0};
+    LONG OldCount;
 
-    FastMutex->Owner = nullptr;
+    FastMutex->Owner = NULL;
 
-    OldCount = _InterlockedExchangeAdd(&FastMutex->Count, 1);
+    OldCount = InterlockedExchange(&FastMutex->Count, 0);
 
-    if (OldCount != 0 && 
+    if (OldCount < 0)
-        (OldCount & FM_LOCK_WAITER_WOKEN) == 0 && 
-        OldCount + 1 == InterlockedCompareExchange(&FastMutex->Count, OldCount - 1, OldCount + 1))
     {
         KeSetEvent(&FastMutex->Event, IO_NO_INCREMENT, FALSE);
     }
+    
     KeLeaveGuardedRegion();
 }
 
@@ -387,57 +371,299 @@ NTAPI
 KeReleaseGuardedMutex(
     _In_ PKGUARDED_MUTEX FastMutex) 
 {
-    KIRQL OldIrql ={0};
+    KIRQL OldIrql;
-    LONG OldValue ={0};
+    LONG OldValue;
 
     /* Save the old IRQL and clear the owner */
     OldIrql = FastMutex->OldIrql;
-    FastMutex->Owner = nullptr;
+    FastMutex->Owner = NULL;
 
     /* Try to release the FastMutex */
-    OldValue = _InterlockedExchangeAdd(&Mutex->Count, 1);
+    OldValue = InterlockedExchange(&FastMutex->Count, 0);
-     if (OldCount != 0 && 
+    
-        (OldCount & FM_LOCK_WAITER_WOKEN) == 0 && 
+    if (OldValue < 0)
-        OldCount + 1 == InterlockedCompareExchange(&FastMutex->Count, OldCount - 1, OldCount + 1))
     {
         KeSetEvent(&FastMutex->Event, IO_NO_INCREMENT, FALSE);
     }
 
-    /* Lower IRQL */
+    /* Lower IRQL and leave guarded region */
     KeLowerIrql(OldIrql);
     KeLeaveGuardedRegion();
 }
 
 /* Specific to Alcyone, Not found in Windows NT */
 
-VOID NTAPI KeInitializeRecursiveFastMutex(_Out_ PFAST_MUTEX Mutex) {
+VOID 
+NTAPI 
+KeInitializeRecursiveFastMutex(_Out_ PFAST_MUTEX Mutex) 
+{
     KeInitializeFastMutex(Mutex);
-    Mutex->Count |= FM_RECURSIVE_BIT;
+    /* Mark as recursive by setting the recursive bit in a separate field */
+    Mutex->RecursionDepth = -1; // Use -1 to indicate recursive capability
 }
 
-NTSTATUS NTAPI KeAcquireFastMutexTimeout(_Inout_ PFAST_MUTEX Mutex, _In_ PLARGE_INTEGER Timeout) {
+NTSTATUS 
-    if (KeTryToAcquireFastMutex(Mutex)) {
+NTAPI 
+KeAcquireFastMutexTimeout(_Inout_ PFAST_MUTEX Mutex, _In_ PLARGE_INTEGER Timeout) 
+{
+    KIRQL OldIrql;
+    NTSTATUS Status;
+    
+    /* Raise IRQL */
+    OldIrql = KeRaiseIrqlToSynchLevel();
+    
+    /* Try to acquire immediately */
+    if (InterlockedCompareExchange(&Mutex->Count, 1, 0) == 0) 
+    {
+        Mutex->Owner = KeGetCurrentThread();
+        Mutex->OldIrql = OldIrql;
         return STATUS_SUCCESS;
     }
-    NTSTATUS Status = KeWaitForSingleObject(&Mutex->Event, WrFastMutex, KernelMode, FALSE, Timeout);
+    
-    if (Status == STATUS_SUCCESS) {
+    /* Increment waiter count */
-        KiAcquireFastMutex(Mutex);
+    InterlockedDecrement(&Mutex->Count);
+    
+    /* Wait with timeout */
+    Status = KeWaitForSingleObject(&Mutex->Event, WrFastMutex, KernelMode, FALSE, Timeout);
+    
+    if (Status == STATUS_SUCCESS) 
+    {
+        /* Try to acquire after being woken up */
+        if (InterlockedCompareExchange(&Mutex->Count, 1, 0) == 0)
+        {
+            Mutex->Owner = KeGetCurrentThread();
+            Mutex->OldIrql = OldIrql;
         }
+        else
+        {
+            /* Someone else got it, this shouldn't happen normally */
+            KeLowerIrql(OldIrql);
+            Status = STATUS_TIMEOUT;
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        /* Timeout or other error - remove ourselves from waiter count */
+        InterlockedIncrement(&Mutex->Count);
+        KeLowerIrql(OldIrql);
+    }
+    
     return Status;
 }
 
-BOOLEAN NTAPI KeIsMutexOwned(_In_ PFAST_MUTEX Mutex) {
+BOOLEAN 
+NTAPI 
+KeIsMutexOwned(_In_ PFAST_MUTEX Mutex) 
+{
     return (Mutex->Owner == KeGetCurrentThread());
 }
 
-NTSTATUS NTAPI KeAcquireGuardedMutexTimeout(_Inout_ PKGUARDED_MUTEX Mutex, _In_ PLARGE_INTEGER Timeout) {
+NTSTATUS 
+NTAPI 
+KeAcquireGuardedMutexTimeout(_Inout_ PKGUARDED_MUTEX Mutex, _In_ PLARGE_INTEGER Timeout) 
+{
+    KIRQL OldIrql;
+    NTSTATUS Status;
+    
+    /* Raise IRQL and enter guarded region */
+    OldIrql = KeRaiseIrqlToSynchLevel();
     KeEnterGuardedRegion();
-    NTSTATUS Status = KeAcquireFastMutexTimeout(Mutex, Timeout);
+    
-    if (Status != STATUS_SUCCESS) {
+    /* Try to acquire immediately */
+    if (InterlockedCompareExchange(&Mutex->Count, 1, 0) == 0) 
+    {
+        Mutex->Owner = KeGetCurrentThread();
+        Mutex->OldIrql = OldIrql;
+        return STATUS_SUCCESS;
+    }
+    
+    /* Increment waiter count */
+    InterlockedDecrement(&Mutex->Count);
+    
+    /* Wait with timeout */
+    Status = KeWaitForSingleObject(&Mutex->Event, WrGuardedMutex, KernelMode, FALSE, Timeout);
+    
+    if (Status == STATUS_SUCCESS) 
+    {
+        /* Try to acquire after being woken up */
+        if (InterlockedCompareExchange(&Mutex->Count, 1, 0) == 0)
+        {
+            Mutex->Owner = KeGetCurrentThread();
+            Mutex->OldIrql = OldIrql;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            /* Someone else got it, this shouldn't happen normally */
+            KeLowerIrql(OldIrql);
+            KeLeaveGuardedRegion();
+            Status = STATUS_TIMEOUT;
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        /* Timeout or other error - remove ourselves from waiter count */
+        InterlockedIncrement(&Mutex->Count);
+        KeLowerIrql(OldIrql);
         KeLeaveGuardedRegion();
     }
+    
     return Status;
 }
 
+/* Additional Alcyone-specific recursive mutex functions */
 
+VOID
+NTAPI
+KeAcquireRecursiveFastMutex(_Inout_ PFAST_MUTEX Mutex)
+{
+    PKTHREAD CurrentThread = KeGetCurrentThread();
+    KIRQL OldIrql;
     
+    /* Check if this is a recursive mutex */
+    if (Mutex->RecursionDepth == -1)
+    {
+        /* Check if current thread already owns it */
+        if (Mutex->Owner == CurrentThread)
+        {
+            /* Increment recursion depth */
+            InterlockedIncrement(&Mutex->RecursionDepth);
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+    
+    /* Not recursive or not owned by current thread - acquire normally */
+    OldIrql = KeRaiseIrqlToSynchLevel();
+    
+    if (InterlockedCompareExchange(&Mutex->Count, 1, 0) != 0)
+    {
+        KiAcquireFastMutex(Mutex);
+    }
+    
+    Mutex->Owner = CurrentThread;
+    Mutex->OldIrql = OldIrql;
+    
+    /* Set recursion depth to 1 for recursive mutexes */
+    if (Mutex->RecursionDepth == -1)
+    {
+        Mutex->RecursionDepth = 1;
+    }
+}
+
+VOID
+NTAPI
+KeReleaseRecursiveFastMutex(_Inout_ PFAST_MUTEX Mutex)
+{
+    PKTHREAD CurrentThread = KeGetCurrentThread();
+    KIRQL OldIrql;
+    LONG OldCount;
+    
+    /* Verify ownership */
+    if (Mutex->Owner != CurrentThread)
+    {
+        KeBugCheckEx(MUTEX_LEVEL_NUMBER_VIOLATION, 
+                     (ULONG_PTR)Mutex, 
+                     (ULONG_PTR)CurrentThread, 
+                     (ULONG_PTR)Mutex->Owner, 
+                     0);
+        return;
+    }
+    
+    /* Handle recursive case */
+    if (Mutex->RecursionDepth > 1)
+    {
+        InterlockedDecrement(&Mutex->RecursionDepth);
+        return;
+    }
+    
+    /* Clear owner and get saved IRQL */
+    Mutex->Owner = NULL;
+    OldIrql = Mutex->OldIrql;
+    
+    /* Reset recursion depth for recursive mutexes */
+    if (Mutex->RecursionDepth != 0)
+    {
+        Mutex->RecursionDepth = -1; // Mark as recursive but not owned
+    }
+    
+    /* Release the mutex */
+    OldCount = InterlockedExchange(&Mutex->Count, 0);
+    
+    /* Check if there were waiters */
+    if (OldCount < 0)
+    {
+        KeSetEvent(&Mutex->Event, IO_NO_INCREMENT, FALSE);
+    }
+    
+    /* Restore IRQL */
+    KeLowerIrql(OldIrql);
+}
+
+/* Utility functions for debugging and monitoring */
+
+ULONG
+NTAPI
+KeGetMutexContentionCount(_In_ PFAST_MUTEX Mutex)
+{
+    return Mutex->Contention;
+}
+
+PKTHREAD
+NTAPI
+KeGetMutexOwner(_In_ PFAST_MUTEX Mutex)
+{
+    return (PKTHREAD)Mutex->Owner;
+}
+
+LONG
+NTAPI
+KeGetMutexRecursionDepth(_In_ PFAST_MUTEX Mutex)
+{
+    return Mutex->RecursionDepth;
+}
+
+BOOLEAN
+NTAPI
+KeIsMutexRecursive(_In_ PFAST_MUTEX Mutex)
+{
+    return (Mutex->RecursionDepth == -1 || Mutex->RecursionDepth > 0);
+}
+
+/* Enhanced try-acquire with recursion support */
+
+BOOLEAN
+NTAPI
+KeTryToAcquireRecursiveFastMutex(_Inout_ PFAST_MUTEX Mutex)
+{
+    PKTHREAD CurrentThread = KeGetCurrentThread();
+    KIRQL OldIrql;
+    
+    /* Check if this is a recursive mutex and current thread owns it */
+    if (Mutex->RecursionDepth != 0 && Mutex->Owner == CurrentThread)
+    {
+        /* Increment recursion depth */
+        InterlockedIncrement(&Mutex->RecursionDepth);
+        return TRUE;
+    }
+    
+    /* Try normal acquisition */
+    OldIrql = KeRaiseIrqlToSynchLevel();
+    
+    if (InterlockedCompareExchange(&Mutex->Count, 1, 0) == 0)
+    {
+        Mutex->Owner = CurrentThread;
+        Mutex->OldIrql = OldIrql;
+        
+        /* Set recursion depth to 1 for recursive mutexes */
+        if (Mutex->RecursionDepth == -1)
+        {
+            Mutex->RecursionDepth = 1;
+        }
+        
+        return TRUE;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        KeLowerIrql(OldIrql);
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+}